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Design and Implementation of a Digital Control System for Lead Acid Battery Charging

Received: 10 January 2023     Accepted: 1 February 2023     Published: 14 February 2023
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Abstract

Ensuring a long battery life and satisfactory performance requires accurate charging cycles. There are three phases to the charge cycle - Constant Current Charge, Constant Voltage Charge, and Float Charge. It is usual that lead acid battery users complain about fast degrading performance because most the low cost commercially available lead Acid Battery chargers provides only single-stage charging phase which is that of constant-voltage charging phase. To ensure long service life and good performance, it is of paramount importance that all charging modes are respected. This said it is clear that the battery charger should have a certain degree of controllability over voltage and current quantities through-out the charging process. In this paper, we designed and built a lead acid battery charger to use in conjunction with a synchronous buck converter topology. After implementing and testing the system, we obtained good results in both the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the implemented system tested, a 12 V- 7000mAh battery. With the help of a MCU-based digital control system containing two different control transfer functions - constant current Feedback Control and Constant Voltage Feedback Control monitoring the charging process proved possible without any overshoot. The prototype showed us an efficiency rating of 86.60%, the maximum error level was recorded at 0.05V, and there were no problems related to overshoot or transient response when testing our prototype which worked flawlessly.

Published in Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Volume 11, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.jeee.20231101.13
Page(s) 23-33
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Lead Acid Battery, Battery Charging, Buck Converter, Control System

References
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[3] Lalouni, S., Rekioua, D., Rekioua, T., & Matagne, E. (2009). Fuzzy logic control of stand-alone photovoltaic system with battery storage. Journal of power Sources, 193 (2), 899-907.
[4] Hirech, K., Melhaoui, M., Yaden, F., Baghaz, E., & Kassmi, K. (2013). Design and realization of an autonomous system equipped with a charge/discharge regulator and digital MPPT command. Energy Procedia, 42, 503-512.
[5] López, J., Seleme Jr, S. I., Donoso, P. F., Morais, L. M. F., Cortizo, P. C., & Severo, M. A. (2016). Digital control strategy for a buck converter operating as a battery charger for stand-alone photovoltaic systems. Solar Energy, 140, 171-187.
[6] David, B. M., & Sreeja, K. K. (2015). A Review of sliding mode control of DC-DC converters. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2 (4), 1382-1386.
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[14] Hua, A. C. C., & Syue, B. Z. W. (2010, June). Charge and discharge characteristics of lead-acid battery and LiFePO4 battery. In The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference-ECCE ASIA- (pp. 1478-1483). IEEE.
[15] Lee, C. S., Lin, H. C., & Lai, S. Y. (2013). Development of fast large lead-acid battery charging system using multi-state strategy. International Journal on Computer, Consumer and Control (IJ3C), 2 (2), 56-65.
[16] Hua, C. C., & Lin, M. Y. (2000, December). A study of charging control of lead-acid battery for electric vehicles. In ISIE'2000. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (Cat. No. 00TH8543) (Vol. 1, pp. 135-140). IEEE.
[17] Banguero, E., Correcher, A., Pérez-Navarro, Á., Morant, F., & Aristizabal, A. (2018). A review on battery charging and discharging control strategies: Application to renewable energy systems. Energies, 11 (4), 1021.
[18] Cuoghi, S., Ntogramatzidis, L., Padula, F., & Grandi, G. (2018). Direct digital design of PIDF controllers with ComPlex zeros for DC-DC buck converters. Energies, 12 (1), 36.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Marie Danielle Fendji, Franck Mbah Kimbong, Ioannis Tsipouridis, Pierre Tsafack. (2023). Design and Implementation of a Digital Control System for Lead Acid Battery Charging. Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 11(1), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20231101.13

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    ACS Style

    Marie Danielle Fendji; Franck Mbah Kimbong; Ioannis Tsipouridis; Pierre Tsafack. Design and Implementation of a Digital Control System for Lead Acid Battery Charging. J. Electr. Electron. Eng. 2023, 11(1), 23-33. doi: 10.11648/j.jeee.20231101.13

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    AMA Style

    Marie Danielle Fendji, Franck Mbah Kimbong, Ioannis Tsipouridis, Pierre Tsafack. Design and Implementation of a Digital Control System for Lead Acid Battery Charging. J Electr Electron Eng. 2023;11(1):23-33. doi: 10.11648/j.jeee.20231101.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.jeee.20231101.13,
      author = {Marie Danielle Fendji and Franck Mbah Kimbong and Ioannis Tsipouridis and Pierre Tsafack},
      title = {Design and Implementation of a Digital Control System for Lead Acid Battery Charging},
      journal = {Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},
      volume = {11},
      number = {1},
      pages = {23-33},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jeee.20231101.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20231101.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jeee.20231101.13},
      abstract = {Ensuring a long battery life and satisfactory performance requires accurate charging cycles. There are three phases to the charge cycle - Constant Current Charge, Constant Voltage Charge, and Float Charge. It is usual that lead acid battery users complain about fast degrading performance because most the low cost commercially available lead Acid Battery chargers provides only single-stage charging phase which is that of constant-voltage charging phase. To ensure long service life and good performance, it is of paramount importance that all charging modes are respected. This said it is clear that the battery charger should have a certain degree of controllability over voltage and current quantities through-out the charging process. In this paper, we designed and built a lead acid battery charger to use in conjunction with a synchronous buck converter topology. After implementing and testing the system, we obtained good results in both the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the implemented system tested, a 12 V- 7000mAh battery. With the help of a MCU-based digital control system containing two different control transfer functions - constant current Feedback Control and Constant Voltage Feedback Control monitoring the charging process proved possible without any overshoot. The prototype showed us an efficiency rating of 86.60%, the maximum error level was recorded at 0.05V, and there were no problems related to overshoot or transient response when testing our prototype which worked flawlessly.},
     year = {2023}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Design and Implementation of a Digital Control System for Lead Acid Battery Charging
    AU  - Marie Danielle Fendji
    AU  - Franck Mbah Kimbong
    AU  - Ioannis Tsipouridis
    AU  - Pierre Tsafack
    Y1  - 2023/02/14
    PY  - 2023
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20231101.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.jeee.20231101.13
    T2  - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
    JF  - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
    JO  - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
    SP  - 23
    EP  - 33
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2329-1605
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20231101.13
    AB  - Ensuring a long battery life and satisfactory performance requires accurate charging cycles. There are three phases to the charge cycle - Constant Current Charge, Constant Voltage Charge, and Float Charge. It is usual that lead acid battery users complain about fast degrading performance because most the low cost commercially available lead Acid Battery chargers provides only single-stage charging phase which is that of constant-voltage charging phase. To ensure long service life and good performance, it is of paramount importance that all charging modes are respected. This said it is clear that the battery charger should have a certain degree of controllability over voltage and current quantities through-out the charging process. In this paper, we designed and built a lead acid battery charger to use in conjunction with a synchronous buck converter topology. After implementing and testing the system, we obtained good results in both the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the implemented system tested, a 12 V- 7000mAh battery. With the help of a MCU-based digital control system containing two different control transfer functions - constant current Feedback Control and Constant Voltage Feedback Control monitoring the charging process proved possible without any overshoot. The prototype showed us an efficiency rating of 86.60%, the maximum error level was recorded at 0.05V, and there were no problems related to overshoot or transient response when testing our prototype which worked flawlessly.
    VL  - 11
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon

  • Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon

  • Renewable Energy and Climate Change Research Center-RECCReC, Institute/Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya

  • Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon

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